| 13th-16th century |
Evolution of Slavery Alongside Expansion of Europe |
|---|
| 13th-15th century |
Genoa and Venice in Eastern Europe and Middle East |
| 15th century |
Portugal in Africa and Atlantic islands |
| 16th century |
Spain in Central and South America |
| 16th century |
Dutch in Africa and Brazil |
| 16th century |
English in Africa and Caribbean and North America |
|
| 1640s-1690s |
From White Servitude to Black Slavery in English Colonies |
|---|
| 1640s |
Barbados (sugar production) |
| 1680s |
Virginia (tobacco production) |
| 1690s |
South Carolina (rice production) |
|
| 17th century |
Economic Calculations |
|---|
| before 1660 |
economic depression in England
high mortality (death rate) in Chesapeake
servants were cheap, low-risk investment
slaves were expensive, high-risk investment |
| after 1660 |
economic recovery in England
lower mortality in Chesapeake
servants were less available, and more expensive
slaves became more available, and less expensive |
|
| 1482-1789 |
Early Modern Images of Slavery |
|---|
| built 1482; image 1668 |
Elmina Castle, Gold Coast, Ghana |
| 1789 |
plan of Liverpool slave ship, Brookes |
| 1654 |
Frans Post, Nederzetting in Brazilie |
| 1665 |
Charles de Rochefort, Historie Naturalle et morale des iles Antilles de l’Amerique |
| 1641 |
portraits of West African diplomat and Dutch merchant |